Health And Safety In The Workplace Essay

INTRODUCTION It is vital that organisations abides by specific health and safety laws to ensure that not employee is harmed within the workplace. Firstly most organisations would consider the hazards of the workplace; these are the factors that could potentially harm, damage or injure someone or something during processes used by the organisation. Then most organisations would consider the risk of each hazard, this means the probability of the hazard actually causing harm or injury [1]. Identifying the hazards and risks, allows the organisation to work out specific precautions that would help to minimise the risk by creating rules or regulations within the work place. Most organisations would show this evaluation of health and safety in their workplace as a risk assessment, which is very important because it allows both employers and employees to know how to be safe and what precautions they need to take in order to reduce the possibility of someone or something being damaged [2]. HEALTH AND SAFETY AT WORK ACT 1974 The Health and Safety at Work Act also known as the ‘HSAWA’ or ‘HSW’ was introduced in 1974. The Act was created to ensure that the workplaces of all organisations protect ‘the health, safety and welfare of persons at work’ [3]. It involves identifying the hazards in each department of the organisation to reduce the risks in the process or method that the employees used to make the product or develop the service provided. Furthermore the Act prohibits the use of extremely hazardous, dangerous and flammable products unless the risk assessment specifically shows how the hazards will be prevented, for example the use of protective clothing like lab coats, gloves and goggles but also the high supervision that there would need to be in order for the process which uses the substance to be allowed to continue. The substances might not just be hazardous to employees but to the environment, the Health and Safety at Work Act attempts to reduce the amount  of harmful emissions that are given out into the atmosphere. In addition it can include the stability of the workplace by analysing the buildings condition to ensure that the building isn’t likely to collapse when employees are at work, also it ensures that the work place has special safety features like fires doors so that the risk of employees being burn in a fire is reduced [3]. The employer of the organisation is responsible for committing to the regulations of the Health and Safety at Work Act and maintaining the use of the risk assessment throughout the work place, mainly by creating a specific written safety policy that can easily be understood by employees which shows suitable precautions on the risk assessment. It is the duty of the employer to provide the correct training for all members of staff to ensure everyone has a strong understanding of the health and safety regulations. The appropriate training can be given from attending health and safety courses; also the employer has to give the staff the equipment that they need to be safe in the workplace including protective equipment as precautions to reduce the risk of the hazard. The workplace must be considered as a safe environment by the government; this means that the organisation must provide emergency procedures (like fire drills) and specific first aid facilities if a hazard did harm an employee. Most organisations ensure that his happens by using safety signs indicating things like fire exits and reminders of precautions to take when using certain equipment or substances [4]. Furthermore the employer has to make sure that materials and resources are stored properly in safe environments to stop anything getting contaminated or broken. Substances need to be controlled to make sure that the risk of explosive or high flammable substances from causing a fire is reduced as much as possible. The transportation of the materials is also important to ensure nothing is damaged during transfer and that there is a place to safely unload to materials at the workplace. The final roles of the employer is to ensure that if any new materials or processes are introduced in the workplace that they are added to the risk assessment to keep it updated to that health and safety regulations can always be kept to. The employees also have many roles in the workplace to help keep to the Health and Safety at Work Act. They must have a sensible relationship with their employer so that they can report any issues with the risk assessment or report the behaviour of other employees when using the equipment or material. Ensure that other employees are being safe and help make sure that everyone understands what they need to do in certain situations like fire drills. However the employees are not allowed to interfere with anything that relates to the providing of health and safety equipment or clothing protection as this up to the employer [4]. MANAGEMENT OF HEALTH AND SAFETY AT WORK REGULATIONS 1999 The Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations also known as the ‘MHSWR’ was introduced in 1999 was developed as part of the Health and Safety at Work Act to show the specific separated of roles between the employers and employees [4][5]. The regulations involves looking into the different aspects of the workplace and evaluating how everything hazard and risk can affect each member of staff by looking capability in health and safety situations – for example an older employee could struggle to get down stairs quickly if there was a fire; instead the employer could move the employee to an office or laboratory on a lower floor. Overall this management of the issues and the precautions that can be used to avoid hazards, the following list shows the 30 sections to the Management of Health and safety at Work Regulations: 1. Citation, commencement and interpretation 2. Disapplication of these Regulations 3. Risk assessment 4. Principles of prevention to be applied 5. Health and safety arrangements 6. Health surveillance 7. Health and safety assistance 8. Procedures for serious and imminent danger and for danger areas 9. Contacts with external services 10. Information for employees 11. Co-operation and co-ordination 12. Persons working in host employers’ or self-employed persons’ undertakings 13. Capabilities and training 14. Employees’ duties 15. Temporary workers 16. Risk assessment in respect of new or expectant mothers 17. Certificate from registered medical practitioner in respect of new or expectant mothers 18. Notification by new or expectant mothers 19. Protection of young persons 20. Exemption certificates 21. Provisions as to liability 22. Exclusion of civil liability 23. Extension outside Great Britain 24. Amendment of the Health and Safety (First-Aid) Regulations 1981 25. Amendment of the Offshore Installations and Pipeline Works (First-Aid) Regulations 1989 26. Amendment of the Mines Miscellaneous Health and Safety Provisions Regulations 1995 27. Amendment of the Construction (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1996 28. Regulations to have effect as health and safety regulations 29. Revocations and consequential amendments 30. Transitional provision [6] The person responsible for the Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations is the employer, who must assess any possible risks and manage them in a professional method so that the employees are safe from injury, when undertaking specific tasks. They must ensure that employees have the correct training and knowledge for emergency situations. Furthermore the employees must comply with the regulations created and attend any training or instruction sessions. Also the employees must feel that the person in charge of health and safety is approachable so that they can communicate any concerns they have about the health and safety of other employees and report anything they sense could be potentially dangerous or harmful [7]. The Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations is no longer seen as a requirement for an organization to abide by [8]. PROVISION AND USE OF WORK EQUIPMENT REGULATIONS 1998 The Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations also known as ‘PUWER’ was made on the 15th of September 1998, laid before Parliament on the 25th of September 1998 and was enforced and formally introduced on the 5th of December 1998 [9]. The regulations were created so that organisations would address dangerous situations to control the risk of the hazard and prevent the employees getting seriously injured or killed due to a piece of equipment in their method of work. After this was introduced there was the creation of the ‘Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment Regulations (1998)’ which also helped reduce the probability of employees getting injured. The Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations applies to any employer even if they are self-employed and complies to anyone in the organisation who uses the equipment at work; these regulations do not cover the use of equipment by the public as this comes under the Health and Safety at Work Act. The PUWER covers every aspect of equipment used in an organisation from machinery to office furniture; any equipment could be a possible hazard to an employee’s health. This means that all equipment should be regularly test so that it complies to the safety regulations of the CE mark [10]. It is up to the employers and employees to stick to the regulations and ensure that the equipment is: Suitable for its intended use This means that the equipment should provide a specific purpose/function in the organisation so that no useless equipment is forgotten about. Safe for use and suitably maintained The equipment used should be safety checked to see if it is totally safe to use in the process so that it is not likely that the equipment with cause a  hazard. For example machinery should be regularly checked so that it could not cause a fire. Also the maintenance of the equipment means that things are regularly cleaned so that in, for example, a biological lab there is no spread of bacteria or organisms between samples. Used by people who have received training This literally means that employees need to be qualified and educated in the used of the equipment so this could involve going on training courses or reading instruction manuals so they have good knowledge of what to do it the equipment breaks or how the equipment could cause injury to an employee which would reduce the risk of the hazard occurring. Accompanied by suitable protective devices, warning and instructions This is mainly the role of the employer to provide safety signs or instructions near the equipment to reminder employees of how to reduce the risks. Also when using chemicals it is vital that the correct clothing is provided like lab coats, safety goggles and protective goggles so that the chemical cannot harm the employees. Protective devices can be used to indicate when a piece of equipment is dangerous or broken so that the employees do not injure themselves on it [4]. HAZARD AND CRITICAL CONTROL POINTS AS APART OF THE FOOD SAFETY ACT 1990 The Food Safety Act of 1990 was developed in the Food Safety Regulations of 1995 and the following concept was create to help food industries to produce high quality products that’s consumers would recognise for their safety and hygiene when creating the product [4]. The Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points also known as ‘HACCP’ is an internationally used process that ensures that only food sold is safe to consume. The food products are analysed and evaluated using biological, chemical and physical techniques in order to assess any possible hazards throughout the process or handling, manufacturing, distribution and eventually eating the food product. The points provide a simple systemic approach to discovering hazards and risks and the creation of the risk assessment with suitable precautions [11][12]. Many organisation abide by the legislations of the HACCP and EU food hygiene to guarantee customers that their food is hygienically prepared without any issues of health and safety – for example some products may have no possibility of a spread of bacteria disease. There are 7 main aspects that the HACCP looks into: 1. identify any hazards that must be prevented eliminated or reduced This means that the employer, employees and health and safety experts must find every possible hazard that could potentially harm the food or the person who eats the food and form this information into a list or table. 2. identify the critical control points (CCPs) at the steps at which control is essential This involves evaluating all the points made in the first list to pick out the most vital hazards that need to be definitely controlled to not happen. 3. establish critical limits at CCPs This is identifying the risks and probability of the hazard and knowing the worst outcome if the hazard wasn’t controlled at all. 4. establish procedures to monitor the CCPs This is the way in which the organisation plans to keep the hazard under control and reduce the risk; these are the precautions planned to be used/taken. 5. establish corrective actions to be taken if a CCP is not under control This is like a back-up plan if the precaution does not work and this can change depending on the situation or environment. For example if one of the machines that is used to cook the meat sets on fire then sprinklers shoot water from the ceiling and the building is evacuated to avoid any employees being injured. 6. establish procedures to verify whether the above procedures are working effectively This involves evaluating the precautions used to reduce the probability of a hazard being uncontrollable to decide which methods are  best to control it. 7. establish documents and records to demonstrate the effective application of the above measures The creation of risk assessments and written documents so that the organisation can keep a record of their hazards and risks to make their product as safe as possible. Most employers create detailed documents that contain 4 sections; firstly a plan is created to identity how food product can be safe and how their food product needs to be safe and hygienically prepared. This section is important because it reduces the probability of infection from either dangerous bacteria or chemical or physical contamination of any meat or plant products. Furthermore it allows the organisation to see how food poisoning can be reduced in their food product, possibly from cooked and uncooked foods having contact. The following section is completing the actions planned in the first section to ‘try out’ the precautions for a set period of time. Meanwhile the next section should be taking place; this is supervising and monitoring the effect that the precautions being taken is having an effect on the actual product by making sure it is more safe to eat. The final section is acting to correct the precautions like if the food product still contains unnecessary bacteria then it needs to be cleaned and disinfected more [13]. CONTROL OF SUBSTANCES HAZARDOUS TO HEALTH 2002 The Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations also known as ‘COSHH’ was introduced in 2002 and ensure that all employers were controlling the use of any potentially hazardous substances that their employees use. The regulations were created as extreme amendments to the ‘Control of Substances Hazardous to Work Regulations 1999’ [14]. The regulations forced employers to find a less hazardous substance to use, however if this is not possible then practical solutions need to be made so that the risk of any type of injury relating to the use of substances in the workplace is either totally eliminated or strongly reduced to protect the health of the staff working for the organisation [15]. To make sure the regulations are met most organisations stick to 4 specific factors to pass external inspections of the workplace: The use of detailed but understandable risk assessment specific to the different substances used The control of exposures in which the risk can be reduced The study of health surveillance among the employees Plan of action if an accident was to occur in the workplace (first aid facilities) [14] The following list shows the processes used to control the hazards in organisations in order to comply with the COSHH regulations: finding out what the health hazards are; deciding how to prevent harm to health (risk assessment); providing control measures to reduce harm to health; making sure they are used; keeping all control measures in good working order; providing information, instruction and training for employees and others; providing monitoring and health surveillance in appropriate cases; planning for emergencies. [16] These regulations are taken extremely seriously by both the employer and their employees as the inappropriate use of harmful substances is a crime and can be punished with fines of up to  £400 on a summary conviction [14]. CODES OF PRACTICES AND RECOMMENDATIONS USED IN EDUCATION (CLEAPSS) The Codes of Practices and Recommendations used in Education involves ‘The Consortium of Local Authorities for Provision of Science Services’ also known as ‘CLEAPSS’. This covers local organisations like schools and other types of educational establishments to make sure they are safe within the service they are providing. CLEAPSS is based on 6 aspects of the organisation: Risk assessments This introduction of these into an establishment immediately improves its health and safety because it identifies any hazards and evaluates the risk and probability of it occurring and then suggests suitable methods or precautions to take to reduce the possibility of the hazard happening. Chemicals, living organisms and equipment This relates to the rules of the ‘Control of Substances Hazardous to Health’ regulations which covers any use of chemicals for example in science lessons at a secondary school the teacher and pupils would have to take precautions like wearing protective clothing or diluting the chemical. Also the ‘Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations’ is used in this area to ensure that the equipment is safe to use, especially electrically equipment in schools and colleges need to have regular safety checks to reduce the hazard of fires or electrocution. Sources of resources This can relate in an environmental way to study where the materials needed for these establishments comes from. For example the paper needed for schools comes from trees so it is vital that more trees are planted when some are cut down for the paper to help create a more sustainable environment. Laboratory design, facilities and fittings This ensures that places like school science laboratories are safe to use. Not only should the electrically equipment work properly but the cabinets and workbenches should be fitted securely and in suitable places and the floor should not cause any kind of tripping hazard. Technician and their jobs This means that fully trained and qualified technical staff need to be employed in order for the establishment to have people in case there is any  kind of emergency or injury. Some D&T facilities and fittings This is similar to the design of science laboratories however in design and technology situations there is more important equipment like machines that need to be safety checked and well trained staff need to supervise the use of it. Also safety instructions and signs can be used around the room to ensure that everyone knows how to use machinery or who to ask for help [4].

When Celebrity Endorsement Succeeds

WHEN CELEBRITY ENDORSEMENT SUCCEEDS! Celebrity endorsement is defined as a form of brand or advertising campaign that involves a well known person using their fame to help promote a product or service. The basic principle is quiet simple, people like celebrities, so if a celebrity likes a product people will like it. According to industry sources, 20% of all television commercials features a famous person.I believe that celebrity endorsement is a good way for a company to promote its product through its consumers, celebrities appear in roughly one-fifth of ads, according to market researchers, and a single company like Nike might spend around half a billion dollars a year on endorsements . Celebrities greatly influence our consumer decisions in making purchases on certain products or brands. Advertisers have always found unique ways of getting the consumers attention, and elevating the status of a particular product.The Nike empire has many famous athletes sponsoring their product, s uch as Lebron James, Troy Polamalu, and Tiger woods. These athletes are just some of hundreds that Nike has sponsored over the years. From their endorsements, consumers are constantly seeing the best sports players in the world using Nike equipment, shoes, or other Nike brand products. This in turn gives one the sense of Nike being the best, since the best professionals are using it. Thus making the consumer want to buy Nike's products.Another great example is, Gillette's Mach Fusion advertisement featuring Tiger Woods, Roger Federer, and Thierry Henry, combined all three of the best golf, tennis, and soccer players in its razor commercial. â€Å"A sign of a celebrity is that his name is often worth more than his services. † – Daniel J Boorstin Also, in my own point of view, I don’t think a bad celebrity endorsement that backfires can affect the consumer buying behaviour. According to Katyal. S (2011), Sainsbury’s encountered a problem with Catherine Zeta Jones, whom the company used for its recipe advertisements, when she was caught shopping in Tesco.A similar case happened with Britney Spears who endorsed one cola brand and was repeatedly caught drinking another brand of cola on tape. I totally disagree with this claim, why will people not want to buy a recipe from Sainsbury because Catherina Zeta Jones was caught using a different product, are they trying to say she should only use the product she advertises on TV? And concerning Britney spears, is she only suppose to devote her life to coca cola brands only? Assuming she was thirsty for sprite of fanta, she should not drink it in public because she advertised for coca cola brand only.People don’t really understand what consumer endorsement means, if a certain celebrity is used for a product, it means that product is good enough for everybody that's if you like the person being used. Example, the Nike snicker being advertised by Lebron James, he is used because of his popu larity and his athletic background which is a successful one. They mean, if a person like Lebron can use their product, u can use it too. And it's telling its customers that Lebron has approved the product top be a good one which is why he signed the endorsement contract.

Public Health Paper on Surveillance Ethics based on a case study Research

Public Health on Surveillance Ethics based on a case study - Research Paper Example Notably, SARS is a highly contagious and airborne infection caused by mutant viral strains. The disease is characterized with acute fever, headaches, muscle pains and breathing problems, just to mention a few. Its pandemics have been observed in various parts of the world, including; China, the UK and Canada and in some sections of the United States. So far, the most effective control measure put forward to combat the menace is controlled movement and quarantine, while antibiotics and antiviral drugs are also used in it management. In this case, the ethical concerns surrounding SARS are critically reviewed. Several ethical considerations should be taken into account in proposing public health strategic plans. Firstly, the program to be implemented must be in a position to promote benefits of the individual and community involved. Since programs are hardly seamless, chances of encountering impediments in the public health program are very high. As a result, the proposed program must be able to aid in alleviation, prevention and total elimination of harm (Petrini, 2013). In cases where the challenges cannot be fully eliminated, the program to be implemented should be in a position to balance the harm and the benefits that are likely to result from its implementation. This implies that in order for the strategy to be enforced to be fully acceptable, it must exhibit an ability to fairly distribute the benefits and burdens to be incurred in it. Also, the plan should be able to promote public participation thus giving a chance to the affected populations to be heard, and an opportunity to ai r their concerns. Through such allowance of the public participation, there should be due respect for autonomy and liberty of the masses. Further, respect to privacy and confidentiality is vital if specific programs are to be acceptable

The Common Perception of Juvenile Offenders Essay

The Common Perception of Juvenile Offenders - Essay Example The Certain reason for it cannot be distinguished strictly. Presumably such behavior is encouraged with the stereotypes, common for police and jurors and is rooted in the past where the slavery and beliefs of blacks being not as clever as whites and much more aggressive were wide-spread. Mass-media is also likely to influence such point of view, describing the evil nature of Black juvenile offenders and the misguided yet still innocent nature of White juvenile offenders ». Thus shooting at school committed by a white adolescent would most likely be described as shocking, while same act committed by a black one - as expectable. There are no special explorations of for reasons of juvenile legal discrimination, but similar tests were conducted with adults and resulted in the theory of similarity-leniency, where people tend to show more empathy with ones whom they consider alike to their person. That was not the first experiment of a kind, still it was the first one conducted in order to prove the existence of racial prejudice directed onto coloured juveniles. The confinement of African American juveniles throughout the United States is abnormal. The rate of juvenile confinements for several years has decreased, and thus the predominance of arrests of coloured juveniles has become even more obvious. According to researches, coloured youth commits more crimes and is arrested twice as often as white juveniles. Still, the other reason for such misbalance was also caused by the difference in attitude to black or latin juveniles in comparison to white ones. It is bound not only with the biased attitude but also with the difference in the life circumstances of juveniles that result in stricter sentences. For example under the law of Minnesota, a punishment for trying crack cocaine is four years of confinement, while trying powdered cocaine leads only to probation period.

World-class bull Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

World-class bull Case Study - Essay Example I believe that Sales VP Jeremy Silva has done justice to the strategy adopted by Knox for doing a successful business for the company, though I disagree with Silva in regarding Knox’s strategy as mere maneuver or trickery. I totally disagree with the human resources vice president’s view that Knox has breached the company’s ethics code and I feel that there is no coercion or manipulation done by Knox. Rather, he has just mixed his ability to persuade his customers through building a personal relationship and this effective strategy has done no harm to either party. James Borg, the business psychologist, and the author has an important point to make when he argues that Knox did not coerce Landry into buying SFS’s services, but instead simply got the CFO’s attention and let his persuasive techniques do the rest. It is totally true of fact, which becomes palpable in an insightful analysis of the case provided. Therefore, considering various aspects of the strategy adopted by Knox for the business of Armadillo Gas & Power with Landry, I strongly feel that Knox does not deserve a reprimand by the human resources vice president and I would demand rightful recognition of the success of Knox’s business strategy. When making a judgment regarding the business strategy adopted by Knox, one needs to recognize that he has been able to win a customer for the company through a positive strategy which builds trust in the customer about the company, along with developing personal relations with Knox.

Emile Durkheim Theories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Emile Durkheim Theories - Essay Example His contribution in literature was also immense and is valued up to date (Cuff and Francis 2004, p. 40). One of the main concerns of Durkheim was how the society was formed and how it operated. He observed the formation of the society and the maintenance of social order. He was concerned with the integrity and coherence of the modern society. In this case Durkheim recognized how the society was being transformed by the changes that were taking place in the social life of the people. Durkheim looked closely the shared religious and ethnic background that was changing the life of the society. According to Durkheim, the social changes that were taking place due to religion and ethnic changes could not be ignored in the definition of a normal society. These factors determined how the society was formed and how it operated. To understand the nature of the society and the changes that were taking place, Durkheim constructed as social science model (Giddens 2001, p. 69). Along with Herbert Spence, they developed the first scientific model that could be used to analyze and explain social phenomena. This model which was based on the social facts could be used to explain the existence and quality of different parts that makes up the society. This was explained well by making reference to the different functions of the social facts in maintaining the quotidian and therefore they can be assured as the precursors to functionalism (Durkheim 1938, p. 301). Although Durkheim showed that the society was made up of different parts, he also explained that these parts doest not entirely constitute the whole society. The society was more than these parts and their interrelationship. According to Durkheim, the society has a complex arrangement that is held together by a social fabric (Lukes 1982, p. 60). Durkheim pointed out that while you needed facts in studying science, you do not even know the facts that are relevant to you not until you create the science. This means that we have to use imagination in order to create science that could be used to study the society even before you find out that the science we have created is really imperfect. Therefore Durkheim explained his understanding of the society in view of social fact. He explained social facts as the phenomena which exist in and of themselves although they are not bound to action of individual members of the society. Therefore social facts were different from the action of the individuals. They had a greater objective than the sum total of actions of individuals that compose the society. (Ritzer 2004, p. 21) Unlike his contemporaries like Ferdinand Tonnies or Marx Weber who were considered to have made contribution to the study of the society, Durkheim did not focus on what motivates the action of the individuals in the society but he rather focused on the social facts. His studies were not based on the methodological individualism but focused on the social facts that influence the life of individuals in the society although they are very different from the actions of the individuals. According to Durkheim social facts are made up of different ways of acting and feeling which are not tied to the individual persons. These ways possesses power of coercion which they impose upon individual member

Learning Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Learning Review - Essay Example reflection started from the skills and knowledge I possessed at the time of joining the module so that I get a better chance of understanding what further I gained from the course. Admittedly, I had a number of skills and knowledge that would enormously help me in my study. First of all, as I have work experience in managerial roles, I have the chances of applying comparative and ideal methods to identify how my perceptions and practice differ from what is required. Another advantage is the supporting educational background I possess. As I have relevant educational background, further learning becomes easy. The last point is the availability of people around me who would be able to help me with my learning difficulties. As Cottrell (2008:5) points out, I spent some time looking into my own learning style before I began this degree course. From there, I gained the insight that the learning style I had adopted previously was rather ineffective. Admittedly, I was a visual/kinaesthetic learner (Cottrell 2008:5) and my learning style can be accurately termed ‘dreamer’ (Cottrell 2008:59). Admittedly, visual learners prefer to learn things through seeing them. For such learners, information absorption becomes easier when there is effective utilisation of pictures, graphs and maps. As I looked into my own learning nature, I found that adopting maps, outlines and diagrams would help me overcome the learning difficulties I face. In addition, I found that by being able to watch the lecture closely or by ensuring eye contact with the speaker, I could improve my learning abilities. In order to utilise the finding in my learning process, I started note taking during class. The notes were not simple writings, but were charts and diagrams when possible, and I tried to keep them colorful and visually attractive. In addition, I started using a pencil to take notes while in class, and the use of pencil allowed me to make corrections when necessary. Admittedly, this process

Public health Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 12

Public health - Essay Example It would monitor continuously by setting measurable goals at all levels of national, state and local bodies. Its mission is also to incorporate the help of various government and non-government agencies for inputs to improve its policies and practices. It would also encourage research and data collection to improve and innovate healthcare deliverables. Healthy People 2010 had mainly focused on eliminating disparities in healthcare delivery and improvement of health of all its citizens irrespective of race, class, culture and color. Vulnerable segment had become vital area of focus. The program’s major objective was to increase quality of life along with increased life expectancy. The risk reductions and creating awareness for preventive measures was critical aspect of the program. It was also a collaborative effort with focus on research and development in the area. Healthy People 2020, on the other hand, emphasizes elimination of disparities in healthcare deliverable by improving social and physical environment and promote equity and health for all people. Promoting healthy behavior and lifestyle changes are important aspects of the program that are thought to be critical ingredient for improving quality of life in old age. (words:

Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 2

Assignment - Essay Example They used multinational corporations, and their technology to identify whoever they thought did not belong (Black, 2001). They wanted to impose their rule on everyone that was present at the time, who did not believe in what they believed. This meant that Jews had to run and live in fear of the prosecution they faced in their land. The Nazi generals wanted to ensure that their reign was felt, and this resulted in the death of more than 2000 thousand Jews. One such empire was the Akkadian Empire. A symbiotic relationship existed between the Akkadian groups at the time, and the Semitic and the Sumerian groups. In the 22nd and 24th centuries, the Empire reached its political pinnacle after some of their conquests. The administrative powers of the kingdom came in the form of Sargon. He was the leader and had the power to declare war and any conquest went in his honour. To ensure that the administrative duties went according to plan, he ensured that the people working under him were close . This meant that relatives and family, for example his sons and daughters were appointed the chiefs in many of the kingdoms administrative posts. This is similar to what was present in the Nazi regime. Fathers and their sons were generals in the army against the Jews (Black, 2001). They ensured that everything done under Sargon was documented and relayed to the leader in their meetings. In Babylonian texts, towards the end of Sargon’s reign, there is an indicator that vast armies tried to besiege the kingdom that he had conquered. However, even in his old age, he still took to battle and won the war. The use of scrolls made out of papyrus was the initial documentation process of the happenings in the reign of the empires present. It is during this time that hieroglyphics was used to implement decrees and laws across the land. This is because, the Mediterranean people were famous for their knowledge of the land, and they were keen to assist in the growth of the Akkadian Empir e. In the Nazi regime, all generals reported to the one commander who had authority over all others. During that time, Hitler was considered the head (Black, 2001). He knew of everything that was being done, and at the exact time. Another Empire in the 6th century was the Achaemenid Empire. This was also the First Empire of Persia or Iranian Empire. The pinnacle of the Empire’s conquest was symbolised by the vast land they had conquered, which extended from Europe down to Africa, and Asia. The large army and civil services ensured the emancipation of the many held captive, for example, the Jews from Babylonian captivity. It is this empire that insisted on the growth and industrialisation of societies in the regions they set up shop. During the reign of the Achaemenid Empire, the administrative roles were similar to any other empire that proclaimed war on any region. It is through documentation from the royal scribes in the empire that the information on what was happening tha t modern day societies know of their true origins. Scribes in the empire were given the task of writing down whatever was being said. This is because there was to be proof of what was to be done among all the servants in the Emperor’s service. There was the delegation of power among the empire might have been its undoing through the cultural diversity present in the lands they conquered. The king’s authority was weakened and the documentation in the local governments proves the empire’

American colonization society(ACS) and abolitionism Essay

American colonization society(ACS) and abolitionism - Essay Example Also Finleyin had the aim of ending the social evil called slavery. Moreover, Finleyin believed that the existence of Black in America could very well threaten the well being and prosperity of whites. On the other hand, the revolutionary movement to end slavery is knows as abolitionism. Abolitionism which is also called abolition movement emerged during the end of 19th century and beginning of 20th century. The act of abolitionism happened in Western Europe and America wherein a revolutionary emotional movement up surged to end chattel slavery and transatlantic slave trade. During the 16th and 19th century, the slave trade flourished and enormous number of slaves was transported to America for slavery. Despite its inhumanity and brutality, the slavery raised minimum protest, until the 18th century. It is later when enlightened and rational thinkers in 18th century rose against the violation of human right and freedom, that the negative aspect of slavery got some attention from people. The major motive of ACS was anti – slavery and human right freedom. It had the main motive of encouraging Blacks who were free to migrate to Africa. There was also a motive to build a single independent state for the freed African slaves. The life of Africans in America, as slave was pathetic and as a result, the organization American Colonization Society wanted to give them a free and comfortable life. There was also an intention in the mind of the founder of the organization to establish freedom and quality of life to white people in America. Here, Finleyin understood the threat which can arouse from the side of African slaves if they get little power in future.So the founder of ACS has dual motive of freedom for Black and liberation for whites. The movement of ACS consists of two groups of people and these two groups stood at the extreme ends by nature. According to (Word Press) â€Å"One group consisted of

Evaluation of five sites Essay Example for Free

Evaluation of five sites Essay The first website which I have chosen to do an evaluation on is a mobile company called, Vodafone. www. vodafone. co. uk The purpose of this website is to give Vodafone customers a chance to see the new deals the company have to offer, and to view the latest mobile handsets on the market. I my first impression of this website, is that it is very basic and easy to understand. The website designer has kept the theme of grey and red colours, throughout the whole website. I feel that this gives the feeling to the users a sense of professionalism. The website is full of hyperlinks which are quite easy to follow as, they are marked quite clearly. The website has been divided into six sections, but to view most of these you must register your details. By registering your details you are entitled to access free monthly web texts, and also you may be able to receive free registering credit. These offers are highlighted quite clearly on the website these make it appealing for the user to continue to brose the website. This will then entail the users to become a regular user of the Vodafone services. To conclude I feel that this website is quite appealing and I feel that the use of colour is just right, as too much colour may lead users to think that the website is designed for younger use. I liked the website because, it had attractive special offers to regular computer users and Vodafone customers. Overall I give this website a rating of 9/10. My second evaluation is on the website for the television soap, Eastenders. Here is the homepage of the website: This website is designed to provide viewers of the latest storylines, information on the soaps charters and also there are games for those to have a better understanding on what is going on the weekly soap. My first impression of this website is quite different to that of the Vodafone website. I feel now after viewing the graphics to this, the Vodafone website is quite plain. I feel that this homepage would be very appealing to people of all ages whom are interested in the daily soap. There are many different hyperlinks which lead into a series of completely different areas of the website. These different areas include, backstage knowledge, games, latest storylines and competitions. These are quite easy to access and are marked very clearly for anyone who visits the website for the first time. The colours, which have been used, are very imaginative, and very eye catching. In the background it has a picture of one of the leading ladies who is taking part in this weeks biggest storyline. This makes the user feel interested in what is going to happen in the next episode; therefore they stay to view the link. Overall I think so far out of the two website I have viewed that this would appeal most to me as a regular user of the Internet and its services. The third website which I have chosen to evaluate is a well-known music television programme called, cd: UK www. cduk. com It is designed to show viewers what goes on behind the scenes, up and coming venues and dates, information on the weekly stars which appear on the show, and the latest music charts in UK I found that this website was very eye-catching, with bright colours and imaginative. But the first thing that I noticed was the unnecessary icons in which the web designer has included. Users are able to change the background colour of the website which really in no use or in connection with the website or what it is about. Also to view the comments, which the readers have written there, is a very awkward scroll that you have to use. I feel that young sers or those with disabilities would not very easily use this, as it is not marked clearly on the page. On the other hand I feel that the graphics are quite good once you find your way around them though its hard to find your way around. I feel that this website could be improved a lot if the scroll bar was presented in a more simplified manner to make it user to access the information. Also if unnecessary things such as colour changes were not on the homepage would make this more appealing to older Internet users. My fourth evaluation is on a movie website, www. harrypotter. com: My first impression of this website is that it keeps the theme of ancient drawings and colours throughout the website. Which I feel is quite relevant to the movie. There is plenty of hyperlinks, which gives many clips form, the actual movie, which for those who havent seen it would be encourage doing so. I think that the graphics here are particularly good, again with an ancient feeling. I found that this was quite simple to use, and I could make my way around the various links very easily. By simply clinking on the enter link, you are able to take a look inside the castle in which the movie is based inside, which has very detailed graphics which, I feel are very impressive. Also again there is a message board for the viewers to post their comments about the website. Overall I think that this website has had the best graphics so far, and is quite interesting for the viewer to browse through. I dont think that I could point out any main features that could be improved as, I was very impressed with the whole website. My fifth and final evaluation is on the website.

Winters Bone By Daniel Woodrell

Winters Bone By Daniel Woodrell Winters Bone, written by Daniel Woodrell, tells the story of seventeen year old Ree Dolly and her struggles to save her family from the unfortunate circumstance that they have found themselves in. Deep in the Ozark Mountains of Missouri, where family ties are very important and all you have to do be beat up is ask the wrong questions, Ree is confronted with a clinically crazy mother, missing father and two young brothers too look after, as well as having only a matter of weeks before they are to be kicked off their own property. After her father Jessup Dolly, a well-known drug dealer and crank chef, fails to show for court, the law gives her only a few days to prove that there is a good reason that he didnt show before they claim the house that Jessup put up for his bond, where she, her mother and two younger brothers live. The reason, being that he is dead. There is no specific time period identified. However, it is safe to assume that is set in fairly recent times due to the techno logy mentioned such as Walkmans and television, as well as descriptions of modern types of cars. The novel has personal interest to me as Ree is the same age, yet in entirely different circumstances. The conditions that she has found herself placed under teach her to be very strong and have maturity beyond her years. These struggles are similar to those faced by the characters in the other texts that I have reviewed, such as Matty Ross in the film True Grit. Matty is also in a way in search of her father, except in her case it is more metaphorically than literally, as she goes on her quest to avenge her fathers death. She also is a young girl under unfortunate circumstances, who has to grow up very quickly in order to fend for herself. The novel is written in third person from an omniscient narrative point of view, focusing on Ree. This allows the reader to get a close perspective of Ree and her thoughts, letting them know what she does, yet still not being from her point of view. I personally enjoyed this perspective as at allowed me to feel closer to Ree and appreciate her outlook toward other characters as well as get a clearer idea her surroundings. This novel is similar in theme to The Hunger Games by Susanne Collins, in that the main character is a strong female of about the same age. Both Katniss and Ree are very protective of their younger siblings, Ree of Sonny and Harold, and Katniss of Prim, as well as having absent fathers and unsupportive mothers, leaving them to look after themselves as well as their siblings. They both are placed under unfortunate circumstances that force them to grow up prematurely and deal with things that people many years their senior would struggle to cope with. This plays on the sympathies of the reader, making them feel that the situation the character is in is unfair, making them want to read on to find vengeance. I believe that this text would be aimed at an older audience, as the writing style and themes involved would not be suitable for a younger audience. It is very poetic and well balanced, and would most likely be lost on the common fast paced style that is used in novels aimed at younger audiences to hold their attention. Themes like drugs and substance abuse, as well as physical abuse run throughout the text making it unsuitable for a less mature audience. It is my opinion that the book is beautifully written. It is a short book that avoids periphrasis and clichà ©, expressing only what is necessary to the imagery for the reader, making it dense and giving it the ability to hold the readers interest. It is almost poetic in the way that it is written, in that it uses a lot of imagery and gets a great deal of information out of a small amount of text, for example Fading light buttered the ridges until shadows licked them clean and they were lost to nightfall. There are also parts where what is going on is implied rather than explicit, allowing the reader to think about what is going on and read between the lines. I believe that the way that the author portrays Ree is appealing, a veiled heroine in a brutal environment, who refuses to yield to the ugliness of the society in which she lives. The general atmosphere of the text is quite sombre, however it does offer triumphant moments. The quality of writing is very different from that of The Hunger Games, which although has a good story line, is lacking in much writing technique and the language is rather colloquial. Winters Bone on the other hand is such a rich tale with a very broad dictation that helps to keep the audience captivated from beginning to completion. One of the scenes that I believe to be important to the readers perspective of Ree is the scene where she teaches her brothers how to hunt and skin squirrels. By doing this she is ensuring that they can look after themselves in future if she is not there to care for them. It is admirable how at the age of only sixteen she has practically raised them, and has the initiative to think of their futures and to protect them against any eventuality where she may not be able to look after them. She isnt stupid and knows the gravity of the situation she is putting herself in by going in search of her father, and still puts her familys well-being ahead of her own. Later on in the book after Sonny asks her if she will be leaving them for the army, Ree replies Naw. Id get lost without the weight of you two on my back. I believe that this quote accurately sums up her attitude toward her brothers, how she has been burdened with looking after them for so long that that she doesnt know what she woul d do otherwise. This novel turns out to be much more than a simple tale of a girl in search of her father. It unravels to be an admirable tale of a young heroine who refuses to let the brutalities of the world in which she lives get to her even when put under the most unpleasant circumstances. It carries strong messages of family ties and the worth of having the capability to refuse to take no for an answer. It is possibly the best written book that I have read of late, and I would not hesitate to endorse it if asked for recommendation. By Emily Moss

The Dilemma Of Gay Marriage Legislation Sociology Essay

The Dilemma Of Gay Marriage Legislation Sociology Essay Ladies and gentleman, we are gathered here today to witness Adam and Steve in the bonds of holy matrimony. In modern society this topic is a never ending battle. Between government officials and religious beliefs and teachings there is never a shortage of reasons why some think that homosexual marriage is immoral and unnatural. However to some it as a natural occurrence between two attracted individuals. Either opinion relies on the individuals own definition of the word normal. Many of Americas government officials such as George W. Bush are strongly against gay marriage. They believe that the sole purpose for the marriage of a man and a woman is a means of procreation and establishing a family union which is the basis of building a stable society. By recognizing the right of the same sex marriage would bring to big of a shift in the fundamental definition of the word marriage. So, as to not discriminate against homosexual peoples the Domestic Partnership Law came into place. This law was developed to give limited rights to same sex couples without denying them their constitutional rights. Gay Marriage: the Dilemma The modern society currently faces a never-ending debate on whether gay marriages should be an acceptable part of society. The argument revolves around the immorality and unnatural nature of homosexual marriages as seen through arguments forwarded by government officials and supported by religious beliefs and teachings. In opposition, some individuals argue that homosexual marriage is a natural occurrence between two individuals attracted to each other. Despite the basic argument, each opinion relies on the advocates definition of normal. In opposition to gay marriage, government officials argue that marriage should be an institution formed between a man and woman for procreation and establishing a family with the intention of building a stable society (Prager, 2004). This means that if the government were to recognize gay marriages, it would redefine the fundamental understanding of marriage. The case for marriage being for procreation is shared among both government and non-government that believe it is through marriage that children are born and raised to be moral social beings. As presented by Schiffren (1996), the society is a blend of cultures and traditions presented through the family, which starts with marriage where a couples shares love and has children. The children learn the cultural values and traditions as part of their upbringing. This argument denotes that gay marriages do not offer an opportunity for procreation, and may be harmful to children when the couple either adopts or has a child. In a gay marriage children are deprived either a mother or a father, which means children grow without the love and care of the deprived parent or the cultural values that would have been impacted by the missing parent (Prager, 2004; American Family Association, 2005). Agreeably, the child in a gay marriage will have two mothers or two fathers, but he or she will be deprived the right to have the other parent because of selfishness by the gay couple that seeks to have a family outside the norm. To solidify the anti-gay position, the U.S. government has passed various legislatures such as the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) passed in 1996 during Bill Clintons tenure. The law denotes that no state needs to recognize marriage union between people of the same sex even when conducted in another state that recognizes the marriage (Kholer, 1996). The legislation continues to indicate that the government does not need to recognize same sex marriage or polygamous marriage. DOMA developed in response to fear by some states that they would have to recognize same sex marriages conducted in Massachusetts, which had recognized gay unions. With the passage of the bill, twelve states banned all forms of gay marriages including those conducted as civil unions or domestic partnerships, and twenty states constructed a similar law, while other twenty-six states adopted constitutional amendments banning gay marriages. The passage of DOMA may have been in contravention of the Full Faith and Credit clause that mandates states to respect and enforce judicial rulings from other states, a case that applies to court orders, recognition of legal status, taxation, and spousal and child support (Kholer, 1996). However, as the Supreme Court argues states may make exceptions to the clause, as has been the case in firearm control, employment discrimination, and disability rulings. Nevertheless, a few compromises have been made such as through the Domestic Partnership Law adopted in California that came into effect to ensure homosexual people did not suffer discrimination. The law offers limited rights to same couples as part of their constitutional rights by defining their relationship as a domestic partnership. A domestic partnership is recognized as a legal or personal relationship between two individuals living together and sharing a common domestic life though not joined by traditional marriage (Pawelski et al, 2006). The domestic law provides benefits relating to adoptions, dental and medical insurance, dependent life insurance, and rights to a partners property in case of death. Other states have provided for gay couples through a civil unions policy such as Hawaii, Maine, New Jersey, Connecticut and Vermont, recognizing a gay marriage but without the benefit of a title. Other opponents to gay marriages are religious groups such as Roman Catholics that base their opposition on the teachings of Christianity, an issue also shared by government officials opposing the marriage. According to the Christian faith, a man shall marry only a man as stated in the bible, and any marriage related union between two men or two women is unacceptable (American Family Association, 2005). The faith case also underlines that God created marriage as a union to facilitate procreation, a factor that raises one of the questions raised by supporters of gay marriages that whether people unable to procreate should not get married or should not have sexual intercourse (Sterling, 2004). Despite this question, the opponents hold that gay marriages cannot lead to procreation, making them immoral as well as unnatural though different views of what is natural and moral may abide. The definition of natural is something accepted and considered ordinary, while unnatural refers to things that deviate from the norm (Corvino, 1997). In the contemporary society, gay unions are publicized as unnatural despite their being a common part of daily life. For example, in most television shows and movies, gay characters are emerging as central characters, sometimes portrayed as showing affection such as kissing. The media has especially been instrumental in creating doubts concerning the unnaturalness of homosexuality making it difficult to discuss the social effects of gay marriage and leading to an almost social acceptance (Kurtz, 2003). Within this setting, proponents of gay marriages wonder why they are considered unnatural. Furthermore, some argue that gay attraction is a normal part of life in similar fashion to heterosexual attraction. The notion is that the way heterosexual people are born heterosexual and are attracted to the opposite sex, so are homosexuals born h omosexual and attracted to same sex persons. Therefore, homosexuality could be viewed as a natural reaction to ones sexuality and the society learn to deal with the issue instead of demonizing. Following this train, the Church should change its definition of natural by reinterpreting doctrine and accepting new information and becoming more open minded about emerging ideologies such as homosexuality. Furthermore, even some churches have adopted the viewpoint such as the Episcopalian church that now openly ordains gay Bishops (Public Agenda for Citizens, 2010). The Christian doctrine stands on the ground that God loves and accepts anyone, irrespective of their sins; therefore, on the same principle, homosexual people that may deviate from the classical normal are acceptable to God. However, to accept the argument the church may need to reconstruct some of the basic believes such as those indicating marriage to be between a man and woman. In my personal opinion, I think the government is unjustified in its handling of the gay marriage issue in that denies a person the ability to be free in a land considered free and home to opportunities. Within a free country, people should have the freedom to express their sexuality as gay or heterosexual and not dictated to be heterosexual. Further, marriage should not be defined as only a union between man and woman, but between two people willing to live together and share the joys and sorrows that come with marriage. Unfortunately, only few states have accepted this definition and made laws to that effect such as California; nonetheless, even those without respective laws should respect gay unions from other states in accordance with the full faith and credit clause and the Supreme Court should protect this clause instead of affording states loopholes. Currently, the government is afraid that allowing for gay marriages will corrupt the society, ruin children and families, and th e possible social change that may occur due to giving homosexuals their rights (Schulman, 2009). Instead of holding on to this fear, gay people should be afforded the opportunity to live with each other legally and enjoy the associated benefits as heterosexual couples for only their lives are likely to change. Further, the church has been too harsh on the homosexuals considering them as unnatural; instead, they should embrace them and offer them Gods love a concept taught throughout Christianity, such as I learnt in Catholic School. God accepts anyone willing to come to Him despite his or her faults. Furthermore, even the church has gay priests, so it would be fit to have gay followers, the same way there are heterosexual priests and followers. Agreeably, allowing gay followers is unlikely to benefit the church, but neither is denying them. Therefore, the same way the church is willing to accept people with a multitude of sins including those from genocidal Nazi; it can accept people with a different sexuality such as homosexuality. In conclusion, gay people have the right to decide for themselves how they wish to live without political or religious influences. Whichever way they choose, whether to get married or be joined in a civil union should be acceptable without any occurring discrimination. A revolution towards accepting this attitude is already occurring in the media as television shows include gay people and air their relationships; however, this should not only stop with the media but be accepted across generations and social groups. Noting the current trend, especially among the younger generation, which is more accepting, the American society may come to accept homosexuals as it has accepted those with heterosexual tendencies.

The Fall Of The House Of Usher: Imagery And Parallelism :: essays research papers

The Fall of the House of Usher: Imagery and Parallelism In his short story "The Fall of the House of Usher", Edgar Allen Poe presents his reader with an intricately suspenseful plot filled with a foreboding sense of destruction. Poe uses several literary devices, among the most prevalent, however are his morbid imagery and eerie parallelism. Hidden in the malady of the main character are several different themes, which are all slightly connected yet inherently different. Poe begins the story by placing the narrator in front of the decrepit, decaying mansion of Roderick Usher. Usher summoned his childhood friend, the narrator, to his home by sending a letter detailing only a minor illness. After the narrator arrives and sees the condition of the house he becomes increasingly superstitious. When the narrator first sees his host he describes his morbid appearance and it arouses his superstition even more. Over a period of time the narrator begins to understand his friends' infliction, insanity. He tries in vane to comfort his friend and provide solace, however to no avail. When Roderick's only remaining kin, his sister Madeline dies, Rodericks insanity seems to have gone to a heightened level. Shortly after his sister's death, Roderick's friend is reading him a story. As things happen in the story, simultaneously the same description of the noises come from within the house. As Usher tries to persuade the narrator that it is his sister coming for him, and his friend believing Roderick has gone stark raving mad, Madeline comes bursting in through the door and kills her brother. The narrator flees from the house, and no sooner does he get away than he turns around and sees a fissure in the houses masonry envelop the house and then watch the ground swallow up the remains. In "The Fall of the House of Usher" Poe introduces the reader to three characters; Lady Madeline, Roderick Usher, and the narrator, whose name is never given. Lady Madelin, the twin sister of Roderick Usher, does not speak one word throughout the story. In fact she is absent from most of the story, and she and the narrator do not stay together in the same room. After the narrators arrival she takes to her bed and falls into a catatonic state. He helps to bury her and put her away in a vault, but when she reappears he flees. Before she was buried she roamed around the house quietly not noticing anything, completely overcome by her mental disorder. Roderick Usher appears to be an educated man. He comes from a wealthy family and owns a huge library.

The Roots of Illiteracy Essay -- Exploratory Essays Research Papers

The Roots of Illiteracy      Ã‚  Ã‚   A problem that pervades our society and threatens to undermine all of the "advances" of our culture is illiteracy. Why is illiteracy so prominent in the United States? In such a diverse culture the causes of illiteracy cannot be easily pointed out. The United States has one of the most expensive higher educational systems in the world, yet 43% of adults read at a level that scarcely makes it possible to function in society.    Almost 22% of adults are not be able to find their street on a road map. (McGuinness, p. 9) One in five adults cannot read a road sign, fill out an application, or read an ingredient label (Level 1). High schools give diplomas to graduating classes where 20% read at a second grade level or worse (Level 1). College graduates do not score much better with 12% able to read at a fourth grade level or worse (Level 2). Should society be concerned when only 3% of the population are capable of reading and comprehending a jury selection outline? Is the educational system to blame for churning out kids who can barely function in society? Are the elementary school teachers at fault because they pass students to the next grade level when they are incapable of putting their simplest ideas on paper? Or is it biological, stemming from learning disorders or brain damage? All of these forces affect our country's inability to read. (Level 1-minimal level of competence; Level 2-barely literate; up to L evel 5-"advanced level"; 3% of all adults scored Level 5; McGuinness, p. 9-10)    The possibility that children do not learn to read because of physical causes has been the focus of many studies. Dyslexia is common problem and can be successfully overcome with the appropriate ins... .... (Elley, p.228) To solve the problem of illiteracy in the U.S. and the world will take time and a better understanding of the many causes that create our society of readers. "The value of literacy for achieving fulfilling, productive, expanding and participating lives of freedom in modern societies is undoubted, and unquestioned. At the same time, however, literacy does not seem to be well understood." &endash;H. Graff (Ed.). (1981). Literacy and social development in the west: A reader.    Works Cited Elley, Warwick B. 1994. The I.E.A. Study of Reading Literacy: Achievement and Instruction in Thirty-Two School Systems, Great Britain, Pergamon. McEwan, Elaine K. 1989. The Principal's Guide to Raising Reading Achievement, Thousand Oaks, CA. Corwin Press. McGuinness, Diane. 1997. Why Our Children Can't Read, New York, The Free Press.   

The Impact Advertising Has on Children Essay -- Advertisements Media E

The Impact Advertising Has on Children Advertising today focuses on specific targeted demographic groups. There is a direct focus on marketing products to young consumers. This age group sees the commercials, but does not really understand the directed message. This can have an adverse effect on the way children interpret and understand the message being presented to them. 'The average American child sees more than 40,000 commercials a year, and advertisers spend more than $12 billion annually marketing to them?double the amount of 10 years ago.' (APA-1) Children watching television are exposed to every channel running commercials that are sending out a mature message to an immature audience. There needs to be something done to prevent young children from receiving the wrong message at an early age. Also help for them to understand the message that is being sent out in a positive manner. Common themes that are used to sell products are sex, sex appeal and fast food. They are targeted for a younger marketing audience. Over the last thirty years advertising has focused on a younger consumer base and designs commercials to sell products to this age group. You see television ads, that are selling a mature product, but the commercial is appealing to an immature audience. For example: Trojan Condoms have created a cartoon character, Trojan Man, that is promoting the selling of condoms. This form of advertising appeals to smaller children because of the cartoon animated character. Though the product being advertised is a for an adult market, it is still sending out a message to young children that sex is okay. This direct kind of advertising with a cartoon theme, is what catches the child?s attention. The APA report points out, that children under the age of 8 can?t grasp the notion that commercials have a purpose other than entertainment. The child believes what they see a nd hear without understanding the true message. This is an effective way to advertise, because this persuades the child to want the product or to remember the product later on. Little catchy jingles and colorful carton-like commercials will catch the interest of a younger child, and using simple language that the child can understand is key to getting and keeping their attention focused on the product. Advertising focuses on the young consumer , because the marketing base is high for pr... ...m.; Sweden bans all TV advertising aimed at children under 12; and Denmark, Finland, and Norway don?t allow sponsorship of any children?s programs. Canada?s Broadcasting Code, which severely restricts children?s advertising, bans ads implying that a product will make a child happier or more popular. We are a country that will sell anything to anyone, no matter what the age or the message that is welcomed with the product. There needs to be more control in adverting to small children. Advertising is a powerful tool to bring a message to the masses. Controlling the message that is being directed towards very young consumers is critical. Mature advertising should not have an immature theme and should be limited when the commercials are aired. Advertisers need more guidelines to follow in order to help ensure that the right message comes across to children. Parents also need to be more aware of the television their children are watching. They should also talk to their children about commercials, and the message the commercials deliver. Explaining to children that everything they see on television is not real, may help the child interpret the commercials message differently.

Importance of Health Care

In the early 1800, public officials were making collective efforts to control communicable diseases such as smallpox, yellow fever, cholera, typhoid, and measles. In order to reduce the presence of communicable diseases, quarantine measures often became law. People who were contaminated were placed in isolation in order to avoid spreading the disease. The education and training of health care workers during this time lacked strong controls and regulations. The hospitals were not cleaned and they were considered of a place to go to die. By the late 1800, a number of vaccines and serums were developed in order to protect the public against contagious disease. Many health professionals have attempted to define health, which is very broad. Physical health is perceived as the normal functioning of the body†s cells, organs, and systems. Mental health is characterized by an ability to deal constructively with reality. Social health has to do with education status, crime rates, poverty, and divorce. Spiritual health is giving and receiving love, trust, joy, and peace; having a sense of selflessness, honor, integrity and sacrifice for others. Several factors must be considered in dealing with health problems in a community. Geography, topography, social and cultural factors along with tradition and social norms have significant impact on the community. Despite marvelous advances in medical technology, health care is limited or even nonexistent for many Americans. That†s the reason why in 1977, the World Health Organization recognized the need for Health for All by the Year 2000†³ an unusually optimistic goal. Poverty keeps individuals from obtaining needed health care services. The United States is the only major western country that does not have comprehensive health care for all its citizens.

Guiding Principals of Professional Learning Communities Essay

Normally, in a professional learning community also known as a PLC, the educators work together brainstorming ideas, lessons, and activities that will support a plan to be implemented all in hopes of the student’s achievement. A professional learning community can benefit a school’s environment by reinforcing teacher morale and leadership skills. As the school moves forward, every professional in the building must engage with colleagues in the ongoing exploration of three crucial questions that drive the work of those within a professional learning community: †¢ What do we want each student to learn? How will we know when each student has learned it? †¢ How will we respond when a student experiences difficulty in learning? The answer to the third question separates learning communities from traditional schools. A PLC can serve as a support system that motivates teachers to follow a guided plan. Educators who are building a professional learning community recog nize that they must work together to achieve their collective purpose of learning for all. Therefore, they create structures to promote a collaborative culture. This plan can include classroom assistants, parent volunteers, and other school personnel like librarians. The PLC culture can influence teachers through numbers. When teachers come together and have strength in numbers they can support each other, collaborate, and brainstorm the most effective methods and techniques to instruct the students. Even the grandest design eventually translates into hard work. The professional learning community model is a grand design, a powerful new way of working ogether that profoundly affects the practices of schooling. But initiating and sustaining the concept requires hard work. This is where the challenges may arise. It requires the school staff to focus on learning rather than teaching, work collaboratively on matters related to learning, and hold itself accountable for the kind of results that fuel continual improvement. A PLC will construct a solid foundation of committed teachers who are passionate about their career and working with families a nd fellow colleagues. The benefit(s) of a PLC is that everyone has the opportunity to be involved and share goals and positive learning experiences of the schools learning environment. When educators do the hard work necessary to implement these principles, their collective ability to help all students learn will rise. If they fail to demonstrate the discipline to initiate and sustain this work, then their school is unlikely to become more effective, even if those within it claim to be a professional learning community. The rise or fall of the professional learning community concept depends not on the merits of the concept itself, but on the most important element in the improvement of any school; the commitment and persistence of the educators within it. In conclusion, educators who work together form structured atmospheres that promote learning. References Barth, R. (1991). Restructuring schools: Some questions for teachers and principals. Phi Delta Kappan, 73(2), 123-129. Marzano, R. (2003). What works in Schools: Translating research into action, Alexandria, VA: ASCD.

Linguistics and their realationship to Teaching Essay

The Relationship Between Linguistics and Language Teaching. Fiona Le Maitre Thongsook College May 2013 Abstract This paper is an attempt to analyze the relationship between linguistics and language teaching. Linguistics is a science and teaching while technical is also an art yet they are closely related to each other in the case of language teaching. The foreign language teachers need to include ‘selection’, ‘grading’ and ‘presentation’ as their main steps. Linguistics plays an important role in the whole process of teaching by helping to facilitate a teacher’s understanding of the workings and systems of the language they teach. Applied Linguistics is really about the melding of these 2 actions. The Relationship between Linguistics and Language Teaching. Linguistics is defined as the scientific study of language. Linguistics is then divided into several branches which study different accepts of its use. Descriptive linguistics, historical and comparative linguistics, which it is based on methodology. Synchronic and Diachronic linguistics, which it is based on the aspect of changes over time. Phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax and semantics, which is based on a language as a system. Sociolinguistics this is related to or combined with the disciplines of linguistics and sociology. Its interest is in the relationship between language and society. It works to explains why people Use different speech in different social contexts. It’s area of study is the social functions of language to convey social meaning. The social relationships in a community, and the way people signal aspects of their social identity through their language (Jenet Holmes, 2001). Sociolinguistics also is concerned with the interaction of language and settings. (Carol M. Eastman, 1975; 113). The other expert defines it as the study that is concerned with investigating the relationship between language and society with the goal of a better  understanding of the structure of language and of how languages function in communication ( Ronald Wardhaugh, 1986 : 12) Psycholinguistics relates to the combined disciplines of psychology and linguistics. Psychology is defined as the systematic study of human experience and behavior or as the science that studies the behavior of men and other animals. Knight and Hilgert in Abu Ahmadi,(1992). It covers language development. (Lim Kiat Boey). The other definition of psycholinguistics is that it is the study of human language-to-language comprehension, language production, and language acquisition (E.M.Hatch) The research done on the relationship between linguistic theory and language teaching can be traced back to the late 19th century. Its relationship has been discussed and debated for many years and researched extensively. Since this time different research proposed by different scholars has been disputable and found to be largely inconclusive. In the 1960s it was decided that there needed to be a reassessment. The conclusion that was formed went in two two main directions of thought with differing points of view. One viewpoint was that linguistics is not as relevant as it was first thought to be, and its importance was overrated. Such linguists as Lamendella (1969) and Johnson (1967) expressed their disagreement to regard linguistics as the basis of a strategy of learning. Lamendella (1969) thought that it was a mistake to look to transformational grammar or any other theory of linguistic description to provide the theoretical basis for second language pedagogy. What is needed in the field of language teaching are not applied linguists but rather applied psychologists. The other point of view was to recognize that the general contribution of linguistics was important. This came though with a proviso that teaching language was not to be bound to only follow one theory alone. The idea being that different linguistic theories can offer different perspectives on language, and they can all be treated as equivalent resources useful for teaching. Levenson (1979 ) once said, ‘no one school of linguistic analysis has a monopoly of truth in the description of the phenomena of speech†¦traditional school grammar, TG grammar, †¦all these and more can be  shown to have their own particular relevance to the language teaching situation. By1960 the United States, reached its peak of the influence of structural linguistics upon language Teaching. Structural linguistics stressed the importance of language as a system and investigates the place that linguistic units such as sounds, words and sentences have within this system. This then associated with behaviorism provided the principal theoretical basis of the audio lingual theory. This then influenced language teaching materials, techniques and the teachers educations. Behaviorism led to theories, which explained how an external event, causes a change in the behavior, without any kind of mental interaction. It also stressed the importance of repetition and practice in learning a second language, this I think is a vital factor in learning a foreign language. If we look at the audio-lingual method, it emphasizes: (1) The teaching of speaking and listening before reading and writing; (2) The use of dialogues and drills; (3) The avoidance of the use of the mother tongue in the classroom. Audio-lingual method regards speaking and listening as the basic skills, this is in line with today’s English teaching situation. The Mentalist Approach In the 1960s Chomsky formulated the mentalist approach. The hypothesis was considered that human behavior is much more complex than animal behavior. Chomsky, felt that we are born with a Language Acquisition Device (LAD), which enables a child to make a hypotheses about the structures of a language in general, and also the structure of the language being learned more importantly. By the end of the sixties’, there were new developments in teaching language starting to occur. The TG theory had a big impact resulting in a change in teaching methods. It was opposed to the empiricist theory, that is, teaching audio linguistics, linguistically structuralism and psychologically behaviorism. TG theory. 1 It stresses mental activity. 2 It postulates that all human beings have an innate ability to learn a language. 3 That it is an inborn instinctual ability and not practice that made human beings obtain the rules of a language and understand and can produce countless numbers of sentences. The Natural Method was successfully used in various language schools in the USA and Europe in the late 19th and the early 20th century. In the post-World War I decades, the direct method was adopted into English language teaching (ELT) this laid a solid intellectual and practical foundation for developing ELT as an autonomous profession. Some linguists, like Diller (1970), openly declared his preference for the cognitive position; while others, like Chastain (1976) and Rivers (1981:25-27) held that the two theories were complementary and served different types of learners or teachers or represented different phases of the language learning process. Applied Linguists brought about the situational approach and the notional/functional method. It is based on a broader framework for the description of language use called communicative competence proposed by Hymes, This brought about the communicative approach to language teaching came into being. In 1970s, a group of scholars including Oller (1970) and Widdowson (1978), were linguists but at also closely in touch with teaching practice. They gave language teaching and language pedagogy the linguistic direction they regarded as necessary. Since they were in touch with language teaching practice and linguistic so had a two-way view of the problem, they placed emphasis on real language and its communication and use. To take Oller’s interest in pragmatics as an example. Oller (1970:507) claimed that pragmatics has implications for language teaching; it defines the goal of teaching a language as prompting the students not merely to manipulate meaningless sound sequences, but to send and receive messages in the language. The students in China start English when they are in primary school. In the past, more attention was paid to the grammar, the result was very disappointing: Now the emphases is on speaking and listening. The audio-lingual method is now used in the classroom. In China, more people need to learn English in order to have the ability to communicate with foreigners. In this case, speaking and listening is much more important than being able to read and write. They are not expected to have a high level of English and their aim is simple, they need to communicate with a foreigner so they can understand their words and express themselves well. This is based on simple daily conversation. A market sale and business or being able to work in the tourism industries. Basic conversation and understanding can be very helpful in everyday conversation exchanges. The Audio-lingual method stressed the repetition and it theorizes that a language is learnt through the formation of habits. To speak English fluently, without constant practice, is impossible. So in our English teaching, we must help our students speak and listen well. Expressing ourselves properly is not always an easy thing, especially if it’s an emotionally charged topic. Even an English major may sometimes find it problematic to express exactly what they mean so it is understood by the other person in a way that is understood by all. When I go to Cambodia I find the generally that the population though not taught English in school has good English conversation capacity. They may not read or write but I feel if they had the opportunity to learn now they have grasped the basic language that they would with more ease. There is a need for them to talk and sell to foreigners so they have had a need and incentive to learn and the fact that their using it every day also helps. Though there are of course talented students I find in Thailand the communication level is not good as a lot of emphases is but on reading, writing and grammar, that many times, is not really understood or comprehended. Thai students learn form primary but they do not always have a reason to speak out of the classroom. One lesson a week in speaking and 3 of grammar I find makes the students scared to use the language. I teach with Thailand teachers and due to a some general pronunciation problems the students are confused about the sounds of the words and how to string them  together. Confidence helps a lot just talking even if it is wrong. I always attempt to inspire confidence as I feel it is very important for speech. In my opinion, linguistics and language teaching relationship is a dual one. There are some theories of linguistics that can be applied to language teaching, i.e. linguistics guides in development of language teaching theory. On the other hand, a language teaching theory expresses or implies answers to questions about the nature of language. It is necessary for a language teacher has some knowledge about, the systems of languages. A teacher should understand how the language works and expresses meaning and the structures that are used in the language being taught. A teacher needs to know how to make the phonic sounds and the mechanics to produce these sounds. This helps with pronunciation problems that students will encounter. By studying linguistics a teacher will have a deeper insight into the nature of language and the language the student speaks as they’re first language. If we agree that the use of a language is a matter of habits and practice, then a teacher needs to implant the habit of using it for communication until it becomes second nature. Conclusion Linguistic theory is continually developing and teaching theories are constantly changing as is the language itself. This alone demands a permanent study of languages and the relationships between linguistic theory and language teaching methods. There are many techniques and theories but no one concept or technique can take in the Different needs student may have and the differing ways people learn. This is a science in its self. There can be many differences in understanding between the L1 and L2 language from different cultural understandings and different sounds that may be new to the learner. There are many ways a culture will express its self along with idiosyncrasies and local knowledge of the everyday life in the culture. They say when you understand humor you start to know a language. If one could take every student as an individual and teach them the best way they  learnt one would be assured of good results. Knowing the basic individual attributes the child had can enable to teacher to create classes designed for their individual needs. This is a luxury that tutors can give their students but in the classroom one dose not have so much control. A practical framework designed to suit the most students and the context that is the most appropriate. The Relationship of Linguistic Materials for the Second Language Teacher. Because of political, economic and also technical changes, English has become widely taught as an official business language worldwide, also as a second language to immigrants in English-speaking countries to gain entry and work, and as a foreign language in many non-English-speaking countries. This is also largely due to the computer so there is a universal language for coding and business. There are many theories on different ways to teach and different scholarly thoughts on the best process. I feel that this depends on the type of English you are teaching. Since there are many different needs a student may have. In China the emphases is on communication with foreigners on a daily basis like selling them something in a market or doing business. In other countries such as Thailand the emphases is put on Grammar and writing and reading and only a small part into communication. So while there are still many theories on the best way to teach I feel in my knowledge so far that it is best to learn as many ways as possible and how they work in the different environments. Applied Linguistics is really about the melding of these two actions but not the scope of this essay. One of the most fantastic Linguistic help I think the corpus is one of the best ways to get relevant vocabulary for your students. This is helpful for Syllabus and curriculum planning and for all areas of language teaching. References Chastain, K. (1976). Developing Second-Language Skills: Theory to Practice. Chicago: Rand McNally. Diller, K.C. (1970). ‘Linguistic theories of language acquisition’ in Hester 1970:1-32. Johnson, M. (1967). Definitions and models in curriculum theory. Educational Theory, 17:127-40. Lamendella, J.T. (1969). On the irrelevance of transformational grammar to second language pedagogy. Language Learning, 19:255-70. Levenson, E.A. (1979). Second language lexical acquisition: issues and problems. Interlanguage Studies Bulletin, 4:147-60. Oller, J.W. (1970). Transformational theory and pragmatics. Modern Language Journal, 54:504-507. Rivers, W.M. (1981). Teaching Foreign-Language Skills. Second edition. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press. Widdowson, H.G.. (1978). Teaching Language as Communication. Oxford: Oxford University Press. .†Ã¢â‚¬ ¨Zeki Hamawand, Z. Morphology in English: Word formation in cognitive grammar. continuum. Publishing. ( Zeki Hamawand, Z. (2011).

Poverty Mother of All Crimes Essay

Does poverty cause crime? Are people criminal because they are poor, or are they poor because they are criminal? The latter is uncontroversial, given the time and professional and educational experience inmates lose, the difficulties they have finding a job after their release etc. But what about the former statement? Crime obviously has many causes, and poverty is most likely one of them in some cases. It seems likely that some poor people may sometimes have to resort to theft in order to survive. But the causal relationship between crime and poverty is only likely for some types of crimes. Other crimes, such as fraud, crimes of passion, serial murder etc. bear absolutely no link to poverty. There may be even an inverse link, since poor people are not in a position to carry out a crime like fraud or insider trading. This paper lists some of the statistics that show a possible correlation between poverty and crime – mainly property crime, more than violent crime. There is also the fact that African-Americans in the U.S. are overrepresented both in prisons and in poverty statistics (see here), indicating as well that there is a correlation. There is some anecdotal evidence (there are many news stories indicating a link, such as the stories about people stranded on a desert island, being subject to extreme scarcity and engaging in crime such as murder and cannibalism). But there’s also anecdotal evidence to the contrary. During the Great Depression, for example, crime did not increase significantly. Poverty can also be an indirect cause of crime. As it leads to under-education it may make the choice of a criminal lifestyle more likely. This graph shows the proportion of US inmates that is illiterate, compared to total US illiteracy: (source) I couldn’t find any data on previous illiteracy, so it may be that under-education (and hence in many cases poverty) is not the cause of crime, but the consequence; being in prison in principle doesn’t help you to get educated. Anyway, it seems intuitively acceptable that there is some causal link between crime and poverty, in both directions. So dealing with crime without dealing with root causes of crime such as poverty, and only focusing on punishment is indeed not the best option. However, none of this should imply: †¢that poverty somehow determines crime, or that crime is a necessary result of poverty; many poor people are not criminals, and many rich people are †¢that poor people are perhaps not predetermined to be criminals, but that they are more disposed to crime than other people; that would be insulting †¢that there are no other, perhaps more important causes of crime such as irresponsibility, immorality etc. †¢that poverty is somehow an excuse for crime, or perhaps even a justification; I think it’s not even a mitigating circumstance †¢that poverty should be reduced to a problem of crime; poverty, slums and homelessness should not be eliminated because they are so-called breeding grounds of crime, but because we have a moral duty to do so. Given the causal link, we should also accept that poverty, like a bad upbringing, is often abused as a false excuse for crime. A related question is the following: are poor inmates incarcerated because they are criminal or because they are poor and can’t escape the law as easily as the rich? Article 14 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights gives everyone the right to legal defense, without charge if necessary: Everyone shall be entitled to have legal assistance assigned to him, in any case where the interests of justice so require, and without payment by him in any such case if he does not have sufficient means to pay for it

Reflective Account of Nursing Placement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Reflective Account of Nursing Placement - Essay Example f nursing practice was to turn these perceptions and expectations head over heels and make me realize that the nursing profession was not just the acquiring of skills and knowledge, but involved a deeper understanding of the individual seeking care in the face of illness. I intend using the Gibbs Reflective Cycle to provide an understanding of this incident. The reason for this choice is that the Gibbs Reflective Cycle is a suitable model for reflecting on incidents that occur to an individual and the possible impact this experience has on future action of the individual (Reflective Practice). I was posted in a ward that cared for both male and female adult patients in keeping with my choice of posting. After nearly a month of my posting a Moslem woman was admitted into my ward. She was forty-eight years old. She was suffering from diabetes mellitus and had not maintained her diet, exercise and insulin regime. As a result she had developed an ulcer at her right calf. Her treatment included injections of insulin, a strict diet and medicated dressings and positioning of the infected foot. Once she was settled in her bed I attempted to communicate with her. I found her totally unresponsive. I was irked, more so irritated with this uncooperative patient. I decided I would do the needful and if she cooperated well and good for her. I had to record her blood pressure immediately. I tried to tell her that I needed to take her blood pressure. She hardly paid heed to her. I decided that there was no point in talking to her and got down to the business end taking her blood pressure. The moment I touched her, she became violently remonstrative. Fed up with the situation I went to the nursing supervisor to complain about the uncooperative patient. The nursing supervisor decided to come and see for herself. I found my patient willing to meet the eyes of my supervisor, but not responding to anything she said. A little later the supervisor turned round and told me that the

Amusement Park Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Amusement Park - Case Study Example The change that would take place in the company after the proposed information system has been implemented successfully is summarized. The resources and involvement needed for the change is also described in the latter part. A self reflection at the end gives light to the expertise and foresightedness needed for an administrator in implementing an information system to change a key processing with its experience. In the diagnosis and the latter part of the work are based on theory and academic notion. "Veega Land, India's first water theme park, has since its inception been an irresistible attraction for hundreds of thousands of fun loving people of all ages from all over India. Spread over 30 acres of landscaped space, built to international standards and impeccably maintained, Veega Land has a mind boggling array of sophisticated rides to thrill anyone till one can't take any more" (Veega Land) Veega Land Amusement Park is situated in the outskirts of Bangalore City in the South Western part of India. It is about a 30 km west to the heart of the city. It is a well established company located in the capital city of the state. The park offers verity of Caravans and motor homes. There is a water theme park with quiet a number of rides for both children and adults. A visit to the park in fact can be an experience of the life time.Park also has a small shop which can be utilised to increase the revenue. Since the shop is with in the premises the products are sold at a high price. There are a number of games rooms for the children and adults who would be staying over night. The park could almost be filled to the brim during the peak season.The theme park as with all the companies of the same kind has lot of rides made for both children and adult. Especially the Veega maintains another park for the small kids alone. Thus the peak season of the year is being the summer holidays. I n spite of all the changes the company had down the years the company still remains to be a family business. It is owned and managed y the same person. 2. A System Based Diagnosis of the SituationThe issue is to improve the promotion process to stabilise the customers flow to a certain extend during the peak season and off season. A diagnosis of the current promotion process is needed in a unique knowledge based approach called INSPIRE which has been designed to help drive and implement change, to help managers to simultaneously harness innovation, and to control the organizational change process (Kawalek, 2009). The promotion proce